Brexit: Benefits and Costs for the United Kingdom – Reflections for Observers in Europe
Keywords:
Brexit, European Union, political situation of Europe at the beginning of the 21st
Abstract
The withdrawal of the United Kingdom from the EU structures creates a new chapter in the history of the European integration. For the first time, after several decades of steady and secure functioning of the EU, a split occurs. Lofty ideas about creation of strong, coherent, wealthier and safer Europe lose in the competition with economic indicators and the national interest of the United Kingdom.
Brexit is an expression of the negative evaluation of the EU functioning by the British society. This opinion is grounded in difficulties of the EU with solving current economic, social and political problems of contemporary Europe, as well as in decreased cooperation among member states. The following most important reasons for Brexit should be mentioned: the uncontrolled inflow of immigrants, increased terror threat, loss of economic independence and national identity. It is also worth noticing the successful actions of right-wing politicians who used the situation to build their own vision of the state.
Consequences of Brexit shall affect both the United Kingdom and the EU member states but also non-EU countries. They shall have political, economic and social dimensions. However, at the current stage of the negotiations, it is difficult to predict all effects of the decisions taken. According to analysts, the UK shall incur financial losses, competitiveness of economy will decline, GDP will go down, political relations with neighbour states will deteriorate.
Brexit shall affect particularly these states which are close trade partners of the United Kingdom. Loss of the UK as one of the economic pillars of the EU shall influence the economic situation of the entire European Union. Brexit is also a crack in the EU image as an organization cherishing the values of solidarity and humanism. Individual interests of particular member states can be a contagious example.
References
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3. Barcz, J., Kawecka-Wyrzykowska, E., & Michałowska-Gorywoda, K. (2016). Integracja europejska w okresie przemian. Aspekty ekonomiczne. Warszawa: Polskie Wydawnictwo Ekonomiczne.
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16. Fiszer, J. M. (2016). Wady i zalety członkowstwa w Unii Europejskiej oraz nowe wyzwania dla polityki integracyjnej Polski. Politeja 4(43), 181-215.
17. Garapich, M. P. (2016). Brexit - fakty, mity, liczby. Możliwe konsekwencje wystąpienia Wielkiej Brytanii z Unii Europejskiej. Analiza głównych osi debat publicznych. Warszawa: Fundacja - Instytut Spraw Publicznych. Retrieved July 25, 2017, from: http://www.feswar.org.pl/fes2009/e-books/Brexit.pdf.
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19. Glencross, A. (2016). Why the UK voted for Brexit: David Cameron's great miscalculation. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
20. Janik, W. J., & Jaremczuk, E. J. (2017). Artykuł wprowadzający. Niekontrolowana migracja jako zagrożenie dla Europy – polski strach przed uchodźcami. W: E. J. Jaremczuk (red.), Migracje i kryzys uchodźczy w Europie. Rzeczywistość i wyzwania (s. 11-68). Poznań: FNCE.
21. Kokotovic, F., & Kurecic, P. (2017, Mart). The case of Brexit: an analysis of the political and economic factors. Journal of Economic and Social Development, 4(1), 28-39.
22. Kołodziejski, K. (2017, September). Europa na wirażu. Gazeta Bankowa, 10-14.
23. Łastawski, K. (2004). Od idei do integracji europejskiej, od najdawniejszych idei do Unii 25 państw. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Wyższej Szkoły Pedagogicznej TWP.
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29. Oświadczenie Rady Europejskiej (art. 50) w sprawie brytyjskiej notyfikacji. (2017). Retrieved August 25, 2017, from: http://www.consilium.europa.eu/pl/press/press-releases/2017/03/29-euco-50-statement-uk-notification/.
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31. Parlett, J. (2016). Brexit. London: Bluebird.
32. Pawlas, I. (2016). Brexit as a challenge for the European Union. Horyzonty Polityki, 7, 20, 57-76.
33. Piotrowski, P. (2015). Wielka Brytania a Europa. Torysi wobec integracji europejskiej. W: B. Gaziński (ed.), Szkice europejskie. Unia Europejska wobec wyzwań współczesności, (pp. 29-45). Olsztyn: Instytut Nauk Politycznych Uniwersytetu Warmińsko-Mazurskiego 2015.
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35. Sapieżko-Samordak, J. (2016). Wzmocniona współpraca w Unii Europejskiej. Koncepcja, doktryna, praktyka. Warszawa: Elipsa.
36. Skolimowska, A. (2014). Unia Europejska jako organizacja międzynarodowa. Warszawa: CeDeWu.
37. Szumowski, A. (2015). Siła Unii Europejskiej w XXI wieku – perspektywy. W: E. Lesiewicz (red.), Zmieniająca się Unia Europejska. Wybrane aspekty polityczne i społeczno-gospodarcze (s. 77-90). Poznań: Wydawnictwo Naukowe WNPiD UAM.
38. Tell, C. M., & Novak, P. (2017). Brexit and the European Union: general institutional and legal considerations. Brussels: Directorate General for Internal Policies of the Union. Policy Department for Citizens’ Rights and Constitutional Affairs. Retrieved September 19, 2017, from: http://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/STUD/2017/571404/IPOL_STU(2017)571404_EN.pdf.
39. Terms of Reference for the Article 50 TEU negotiations. (2017, June 19). Retrieved August 25, 2017, from: https://ec.europa.eu/commission/sites/beta-political/files/eu-uk-art-50-terms-reference_agreed_amends_en.pdf.
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41. Traktat o Unii Europejskiej (wersja skonsolidowana), (2016). Retrieved September 23, 2017, from: http://oide.sejm.gov.pl/oide/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1480.
42. Tutty, M. G. (2017, June 8). The Potential €60 billion cost to the UK of exiting the EU, The Institute of International and European Affairs (IIEA). Retrieved September 19, 2017, from: http://www.iiea.com/ftp/Publications/IIEA%20-%20Brexit%20Bill%20paper%20-%20MGTutty.pdf.
43. UlHaq A. (2016). A short guide to Brexit. Our divided future. [Bloomington]: Author House UK.
Published
2018-04-25
Issue
Section
International Economic Integration
Copyright (c) 2018 Central European Review of Economics & Finance
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